Beschreibung
InhaltsangabePreface xiii 1 Hydraulic Networks 1 1.1 Finite element technique 1 1.2 Unified hydraulic networks 21 1.3 Equation system 23 1.4 Boundary conditions 28 1.5 Finite element matrix and vector 30 Reference 36 Further reading 36 2 Modelling of Incompressible Fluid Flow 37 2.1 Steady flow of an incompressible fluid 37 2.2 Gradually varied flow in time 59 2.3 Unsteady flow of an incompressible fluid 65 References 75 Further Reading 75 3 Natural Boundary Condition Objects 77 3.1 Tank object 77 3.2 Storage 90 3.3 Surge tank 91 3.4 Vessel 121 3.5 Air valves 128 3.6 Outlets 135 Reference 138 Further reading 138 4 Water Hammer - Classic Theory 141 4.1 Description of the phenomenon 141 4.2 Water hammer celerity 143 4.3 Water hammer phases 149 4.4 Underpressure and column separation 164 4.5 Influence of extreme friction 167 4.6 Gradual velocity changes 171 4.7 Influence of outflow area change 176 4.8 Real closure laws 180 4.9 Water hammer propagation through branches 181 4.10 Complex pipelines 183 4.11 Wave kinematics 183 Reference 187 Further reading 187 5 Equations of Non-steady Flow in Pipes 189 5.1 Equation of state 189 5.2 Flow of an ideal fluid in a streamtube 195 5.3 The real flow velocity profile 202 5.4 Control volume 205 5.5 Mass conservation, equation of continuity 206 5.6 Energy conservation law, the dynamic equation 209 5.7 Flow models 215 5.8 Characteristic equations 220 5.9 Analytical solutions 225 Reference 229 Further reading 229 6 Modelling of Non-steady Flow of Compressible Liquid in Pipes 231 6.1 Solution by the method of characteristics 231 6.2 Subroutine UnsteadyPipeMtx 251 6.3 Comparison tests 261 Further reading 264 7 Valves and Joints 265 7.1 Valves 265 7.2 Joints 279 7.3 Test example 288 Reference 290 Further reading 290 8 Pumping Units 291 8.1 Introduction 291 8.2 Euler's equations of turbo engines 291 8.3 Normal characteristics of the pump 295 8.4 Dimensionless pump characteristics 301 8.5 Pump specific speed 303 8.6 Complete characteristics of turbo engine 305 8.7 Drive engines 310 8.8 Numerical model of pumping units 314 8.9 Pumping element matrices 323 8.10 Examples of transient operation stage modelling 333 8.11 Analysis of operation and types of protection against pressure excesses 345 8.12 Something about protection of sewage pressure pipelines 353 8.13 Pumping units in a pressurized system with no tank 355 Reference 362 Further reading 362 9 Open Channel Flow 363 9.1 Introduction 363 9.2 Steady flow in a mildly sloping channel 363 9.3 Uniform flow in a mildly sloping channel 365 9.4 Nonuniform gradually varied flow 378 9.5 Sudden changes in cross-sections 398 9.6 Steady flow modelling 401 9.7 Wave kinematics in channels 407 9.8 Equations of non-steady flow in open channels 414 9.9 Equation of characteristics 422 9.10 Initial and boundary conditions 424 9.11 Nonsteady flow modelling 425 References 434 Further reading 435 10 Numerical Modelling in Karst 437 10.1 Underground karst flows 437 10.2 Conveyance of the karst channel system 446 10.3 Modelling of karst channel flows 453 10.4 Method of catchment discretization 463 10.5 Rainfall transformation 468 10.6 Discretization of karst catchment with diffuse and channel flow 474 References 477 Further reading 477 11 Convective-dispersive Flows 479 11.1 Introduction 479 11.2 A reminder of continuum mechanics 479 11.3 Hydrodynamic dispersion 483 11.4 Equations of convective-dispersive heat transfer 485 11.5 Exact solutions of convective-dispersive equation 487 11.6 Numerical modelling in a hydraulic network 490 References 503 Further reading 503 12 Hydraulic Vibrations in Networks 505 12.1 Introduction 505 12.2 Vibration equations of a
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InhaltsangabePreface xiii 1 Hydraulic Networks 1 1.1 Finite element technique 1 1.2 Unified hydraulic networks 21 1.3 Equation system 23 1.4 Boundary conditions 28 1.5 Finite element matrix and vector 30 Reference 36 Further reading 36 2 Modelling of Incompressible Fluid Flow 37 2.1 Steady flow of an incompressible fluid 37 2.2 Gradually varied flow in time 59 2.3 Unsteady flow of an incompressible fluid 65 References 75 Further Reading 75 3 Natural Boundary Condition Objects 77 3.1 Tank object 77 3.2 Storage 90 3.3 Surge tank 91 3.4 Vessel 121 3.5 Air valves 128 3.6 Outlets 135 Reference 138 Further reading 138 4 Water Hammer - Classic Theory 141 4.1 Description of the phenomenon 141 4.2 Water hammer celerity 143 4.3 Water hammer phases 149 4.4 Underpressure and column separation 164 4.5 Influence of extreme friction 167 4.6 Gradual velocity changes 171 4.7 Influence of outflow area change 176 4.8 Real closure laws 180 4.9 Water hammer propagation through branches 181 4.10 Complex pipelines 183 4.11 Wave kinematics 183 Reference 187 Further reading 187 5 Equations of Non-steady Flow in Pipes 189 5.1 Equation of state 189 5.2 Flow of an ideal fluid in a streamtube 195 5.3 The real flow velocity profile 202 5.4 Control volume 205 5.5 Mass conservation, equation of continuity 206 5.6 Energy conservation law, the dynamic equation 209 5.7 Flow models 215 5.8 Characteristic equations 220 5.9 Analytical solutions 225 Reference 229 Further reading 229 6 Modelling of Non-steady Flow of Compressible Liquid in Pipes 231 6.1 Solution by the method of characteristics 231 6.2 Subroutine UnsteadyPipeMtx 251 6.3 Comparison tests 261 Further reading 264 7 Valves and Joints 265 7.1 Valves 265 7.2 Joints 279 7.3 Test example 288 Reference 290 Further reading 290 8 Pumping Units 291 8.1 Introduction 291 8.2 Euler's equations of turbo engines 291 8.3 Normal characteristics of the pump 295 8.4 Dimensionless pump characteristics 301 8.5 Pump specific speed 303 8.6 Complete characteristics of turbo engine 305 8.7 Drive engines 310 8.8 Numerical model of pumping units 314 8.9 Pumping element matrices 323 8.10 Examples of transient operation stage modelling 333 8.11 Analysis of operation and types of protection against pressure excesses 345 8.12 Something about protection of sewage pressure pipelines 353 8.13 Pumping units in a pressurized system with no tank 355 Reference 362 Further reading 362 9 Open Channel Flow 363 9.1 Introduction 363 9.2 Steady flow in a mildly sloping channel 363 9.3 Uniform flow in a mildly sloping channel 365 9.4 Nonuniform gradually varied flow 378 9.5 Sudden changes in cross-sections 398 9.6 Steady flow modelling 401 9.7 Wave kinematics in channels 407 9.8 Equations of non-steady flow in open channels 414 9.9 Equation of characteristics 422 9.10 Initial and boundary conditions 424 9.11 Nonsteady flow modelling 425 References 434 Further reading 435 10 Numerical Modelling in Karst 437 10.1 Underground karst flows 437 10.2 Conveyance of the karst channel system 446 10.3 Modelling of karst channel flows 453 10.4 Method of catchment discretization 463 10.5 Rainfall transformation 468 10.6 Discretization of karst catchment with diffuse and channel flow 474 References 477 Further reading 477 11 Convective-dispersive Flows 479 11.1 Introduction 479 11.2 A reminder of continuum mechanics 479 11.3 Hydrodynamic dispersion 483 11.4 Equations of convective-dispersive heat transfer 485 11.5 Exact solutions of convective-dispersive equation 487 11.6 Numerical modelling in a hydraulic network 490 References 503 Further reading 503 12 Hydraulic Vibrations in Networks 505 12.1 Introduction 505 12.2 Vibration equations of a
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