The first International Conference on Horseshoe Crab's Conservation conducted at Dowling College, USA, (2007) and it's proceedings published by Springer in 2009, prompted the continued research and conservation efforts presented at subsequent conferences and colloquium in Hong Kong, Taiwan, (2011); San Diego, CA, (2014), (CERF); Japan, Sasebo (2015) and an accepted inclusion for a special session on Horseshoe Crabs at the 2017 CERF Conference held in Providence, RI, USA. All these aforementioned conferences contributed manuscripts, posters, workshop "position papers", and oral presentations the majority of which have not been published in total. In 2015, Carmichael et al. had published by Springer the majority of manuscripts from the 2011 Hong Kong / Taiwan conference. However, workshop results and all subsequent presentations and workshops were not. The Japan conference presented over 40 papers alone. A collection of all workshop summaries, poster presentations and new manuscript submittals (San Diego, CA; Sasebo, Japan; and Providence, RI) as well as products prepared for the IUCN World Congress in Hawaii, (2016), are included potential contributions for review in this compilation now available for global distribution in this Springer Nature publication.The "Proceedings of International Conferences on the Biology and Conservation of Horseshoe Crabs", thus contains over 50 manuscripts and a diversified collection of documents, photos and memorabilia covering all four of the horseshoe crab species globally: their biology, ecology evolution, educational, and societal importance. This book exposes the impacts that humans have imposed on all four of these species, revealing through the coordinated effort of horseshoe crab scientists with the IUCN, of the worldwide need for a clear conservative effort to protect these paleo- survival organisms from a looming extinction event. Biologists, conservationists, educators, and health professionals will all welcome this book not only for exploration of its pharmacological interest, but also for the mystery of their longevity. This book also clarifies the future research needs and the conservation agenda for the species worldwide. Anyone working or studying estuaries on a global scale, will need to obtain this seminal work on horseshoe crabs.

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John T. Tanacredi, Ph.D. is Professor of Earth and Environmental Sciences in the Biology, Chemistry and Environmental Studies Department and Director of the Center for Environmental Research and Coastal Oceans Monitoring (CERCOM) Field Station, at Molloy College, Rockville Centre, New York. He has held Research Associate positions at the Wildlife Conservation Society, New York Aquarium -Osborn Laboratories of Marine Science; at The American Museum of Natural History, at the Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, and co-chair of the Conservation Committee of the Explorers Club. A Research Ecologist for 26 years in the US National Park Service, serving as Chief of the Division of Natural Resources and as one of the NPS's Coastal Natural Resource Specialist duty stationed for 9 years at the Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI. An Environmental Analyst of the U.S. Coast Guard, Bridge Administration preparing NEPA environmental impact statements for bridge and highway construction in six eastern US states and was a U.S. Navy Flight Meteorologist "Hurricane Hunter" Dr. Tanacredi received his doctorate in Environmental Health Engineering from Polytechnic University, M.S. degree in Environmental Health Sciences from Hunter College, Institute of Health Sciences, CUNY and BS in Biological Sciences from Richmond College, CUNY He has continued his Long Island, Horseshoe Crab habitat inventory of some 115 locations tracking Horseshoe Crab breeding conditions and habitat. He is one of the founding members of the IUCN-SSG (International Union for the Conservation of Nature - Scientific Specialists Group for Horseshoe Crabs) and principal coordinator of several International Conferences on Horseshoe Crab Conservation and Biology. He has published over 65 peer reviewed scientific research publications, written, and edited 7 books and has been included and interviewed in a host of TV, Radio, and Social Media Outlets. His coedited book "Conservation and Biology of Horseshoe Crabs", Springer, 2009 was one of the initiating factors in conducting the subsequent Asian Horseshoe Crab Conferences providing considerable support for including all four Horseshoe Crabs species on the IUCN's "Red List". His latest book, "The Redesigned Earth: An Introduction to Ecology for Engineers as if the Earth Really Mattered" (2019), by Springer Nature, has received rave reviews. Dr. Mark L. Botton is Professor of Biology in the Department of Natural Sciences at Fordham University - Lincoln Center in New York City, and Co-Director of the Environmental Science Program. He received his Bachelor's degree in Biology from Stony Brook University, his Master's degree in Biology from Brooklyn College, and his Ph.D. in Zoology from Rutgers University. Dr. Botton has published over 70 articles and book chapters on various aspects of horseshoe crab biology, including feeding ecology, mating behavior, the effects of pollution on developmental success, and population and conservation biology. He is the Co-Chairman of the Horseshoe Crab Specialist Group, IUCN Species Survival Commission. Dr. Paul K.S. Shin is a retired Associate Professor at the City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China and a Fellow of the Chartered Institution of Water and Environmental Management in the UK. He is a benthic ecologist with research interest in community structure analysis, marine pollution and coastal conservation. He has been involved in the study and conservation of horseshoe crabs for the past 15 years. In collaboration with the Ocean Park Conservation Foundation, Hong Kong, he and Dr. S.G. Cheung initiated the Juvenile Horseshoe Crab Rearing Programme to promote conservation education to young generations through hands-on experience in taking care of juvenile horseshoe crabs at school