When used as an addition and binder component, fly ash has become an indispensable construction material for many concrete applications. The conditions produced in power stations when firing fine pulverized coal result in the formation of a reactive, flour-fine, pozzolanic mineral material from the accompanying rock in the coal. Owing to its specific characteristics it has a positive impact on the properties of fresh and hardened concrete and facilitates cost-effective production of high-grade, durable concretes.The authors of this handbook have combined the latest discoveries from the field of research with practical experience of the use and effects of fly ash in concrete. This handbook provides the necessary information and makes interesting suggestions for selective use of fly ash in concrete.

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Foreword to the First EditionAs an addition and a binder component, fly ash is nowadays an indispensable material for many applications of concrete. Our current level of knowledge and experience is based on a technical development that started in Germany in the mid-1960s and has been continued worldwide with intensive and extensive research work.The conditions existing in power stations when firing pulverized coal cause a flour-fine, pozzolanic mineral material to form from the accompanying rock in the coal. Owing to its specific characteristics, it has a positive impact on the properties of fresh and hardened concrete, and enables high-grade, durable concretes to be produced in a cost-effective manner.The use of fly ash in concrete is also highly beneficial from an economic and ecological perspective, as the smaller quantities of cement and aggregate used enable valuable resources to be conserved, energy to be saved and pollution and carbon dioxide emissions, which are unavoidable in the production of building materials, to be reduced.In this book, the authors have combined the latest discoveries from the field of research with practical experience of the use and effects of fly ash in concrete for the user. We hope that this book delivers all the necessary information and provides interesting suggestions for the targeted use of fly ash in concrete, thus promoting the use of this valuable raw material.Foreword to the Second EditionAfter five years, the results of new research into the effect of fly ash in concrete and the properties of fly ash concrete, and their implementation in the rapidly changing regulations on the production of concrete have inspired the authors to extensively revise and update the Handbook on Fly Ash in Concrete. The situation as regards standards relating to this field as of August 2008 has also been incorporated. The authors hope that this Second Edition will prove to be a helpful, practical resource for the production of concrete with fly ash in compliance with the applicable standards.

1 Basic principles1.1 Definition1.2 Historical development1.3 Raw materials, production and quality control of fly ash1.3.1 Raw materials1.3.2 Production1.3.3 Monitoring and certification1.4 Material properties of fly ash1.4.1 Mineral and chemical composition1.4.2 Physical parameters1.4.3 Environmental and health compatibility2 Effect of fly ash in concrete2.1 Physical effect2.2 Chemical effect2.3 Properties of the pore structure2.4 Properties of the contact zone between aggregate and hardened cement paste3 Use of fly ash in concrete3.1 General3.2 Fly ash as a concrete addition3.2.1 Requirements3.2.2 Concrete conforming to DIN EN 206-1/DIN 1045-23.2.3 Concrete for concrete products3.3 Production of concrete containing fly ash3.3.1 Transporting, storing and conveying3.3.2 Metering and mixing3.3.3 Placing and processing3.3.4 Curing and removal of formwork3.4 Fly ash as a main constituent of cement4 Properties of concrete containing fly ash4.1 Fresh concrete4.1.1 Water demand4.1.2 Workability4.1.3 Early stiffening4.1.4 Setting4.2 Hardened concrete4.2.1 Evolution of heat of hydration and tendency to cracking4.2.2 Strength4.2.3 Deformation4.2.4 Durability4.2.5 Environmental and health compatibility5 Special concretes and types of construction5.1 High strength concrete5.2 Liquid-impermeable concrete5.3 Self compacting concrete (SCC)5.4 Concrete with high sulfate resistance5.5 Concrete with increased resistance to acid attack5.6 Concrete with high resistance to freeze-thaw with and without de-icing agent5.6.1 Concrete with high freeze-thaw resistance5.6.2 Concrete with high resistance to freeze-thaw with de-icing agent5.7 Sand-rich concrete5.8 Fibre-reinforced concrete5.9 Fair-faced concrete5.10 Mass concrete5.11 Dry building materials5.12 Sprayed concrete5.13 Recycled concrete / concrete with recycled aggregate5.14 Concrete for road surfacing5.15 Roller compacted concrete5.16 Underwater concrete5.17 Bored pile concrete / diaphragm wall concrete5.18 Lightweight concrete5.19 Precast concrete elements5.20 Concrete products5.21 Textile reinforced concreteAppendix1 Codes of practice2 Guidelines3 Standards and legal regulations4 Members of the European Coal Combustion Products Association