This book presents an overview of the techniques available today for the removal of fluoride contamination/pollutants/species from water. Also covered are traditionally applied techniques for the removal of fluoride pollutants/species, including oxidation, coagulation-flocculation, and membrane techniques. Recently, progress has been made on the utility of various nanoparticles for the extraction of contaminants from water. Fluoride contamination is affecting water resources quality worldwide as a result of human activities, such as mining and pesticide use. Due to the high risk of fluoride exposure, specific water treatment processes are required to meet more severe water quality standards. A better understanding of currently available processes is necessary to develop economical, efficient, and effective methods for fluoride removal. Fluoride can either be coated, adsorbed using a wide range of both mineral and organic constituents or can be directly rejected by membrane processes, such as reverse osmosis and nanofiltration. Recent developments of submerged hybrid membrane systems, such as membrane bioreactors in wastewater treatment, provide alternative technologies for fluoride treatment.

Akhilesh Kumar Yadav Present: Department of Environmental Engineering and Management Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung, Taiwan Department of Mining Engineering Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India Environmental Science and Engineering Department Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India Saba Shirin Present: Department of Environmental Science School of Vocational Studies and Applied Sciences Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, India Department of Mining Engineering Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India Vijay P. Singh Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering Texas A&M University College Station, TX, USA